ABSTRACT
Objective To study the relationship between mental effort and personal time perspective during the process of individual changing bad habits.Methods 230 graduate students were collected to attend this longitudinal study of 21 days by experience sampling method.The data on mental effort and performance were obtained from the process of daily change of the bad behavior.Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) was applied to graduate students.The survey results were analyzed by hierarchical linear modeling (HLM).Results In 21 days,the mental effort of subjects showed very clear downward trend,the trend of the change was statistical significant (total score(5.63±2.62),t=-5.590,P＜0.01).Mental effort didn't have significant difference in five kinds of behavioral objectives (keeping early hours,exercising daily,dieting,reading daily,limiting screen time) (P＞0.05).The male obviously put more effort than the female during the study(t=2.743,P＜0.01).Both Present Hedonism and Futurism were inversely related to mental effort,which was statistical significant (t=-2.504,P＜0.05;t=2.39,P＜0.05).Both Present Fatalism and Futurism had the effects on the changing trend of the mental effort regulatory,which was statistical significant (t=-3.099,P＜0.01;t=-2.400,P＜0.05).Conclusion The mental effort of changing the behavior will gradually decline during the process of habit establishment.The mental effort of subjects who had present fatalism or futurism show a faster decline.
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Objective:To conduct a survey on the difference in medical staff remuneration level and satisfaction within the eastern, central and western township health centers, explore the influencing factors on remuneration satis-faction, and put forward some suggestions. Methods:909 medical staff and 104 township health centers from 9 coun-ties in the eastern, central and western regions were investigated. The Descriptive, ANOVA and Hierarchical Linear Model ( HLM) methods were used to analyze the survey results. Results:Average annual medical staff remuneration was 28 324 Yuan in 2011 and the remuneration satisfaction was 2. 77 in five-point scale. The difference between the remuneration level (F=140. 16,P<0. 001) and remuneration satisfaction (F=240. 84,P<0. 001) among three re-gions was statistically significant. The HLM analysis indicated that the working time, workload per day in individual level and whether by practicing the policy of separation between revenue and expenditure, the number of average monthly discharged patients and the fiscal appropriation income in the township health centers level affected the remu-neration satisfaction. Conclusions:The medical staff remuneration level and satisfaction in the township health centers were low, both having a great regional difference. Therefore, the improvement of the medical personnel remuneration satisfaction is obtained through improving the revenue and expenditure, and the performance-based pay system.
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Objective To explore the impact of transformational leadership on nurses'professional quality of life and organizational commitment by hierarchical linear modeling (HLM).Methods A total of 44,6 clinical nurses were investigated with demography questionnaire,professional quality of life questionnaire,organizational commitment questionnaire and transformational leadership questionnaire.Results The transformational leadership had positive predict ability to the nurses'compassion satisfaction,secondary traumatic stress and organizational commitment.The transformational leadership had negative predict ability to burnout.The transformational leadership could adjust the relationship between compassion satisfaction,secondary traumatic stress and organizational commitment.Conclusions The transformational leadership provides theoretical reference for nursing managers to effectively lead the team,increase professional life quality of the nurses,and then improve the level of organizational commitment of the nurses.
ABSTRACT
Este trabalho enfoca dois aspectos fundamentais na interação professor-aluno: a sintonia entre o professor e sua turma, e a expectativa do professor quanto ao desempenho dos alunos. Cruzando-se informações de diferentes instrumentos contextuais, aplicados aos professores e alunos, com os resultados dos testes cognitivos dos alunos, pôde-se identificar os fatores que distorcem a percepção do professor acerca da turma e influenciam sua expectativa. Constatou-se que a expectativa do professor é influenciada por suas percepções em relação ao ambiente escolar e pelas características sociodemográficas dos alunos. Observou-se que a expectativa do professor provoca um impacto positivo na proficiência do aluno, mesmo considerando-se o efeito de variáveis sociodemográficas tradicionalmente associadas ao desempenho. Essas conclusões foram obtidas a partir da construção de modelos hierárquicos.
This work focus on two basic aspects on teacher-student interaction: the tune between teacher and their class, and teacher's expectation with regard to students' performance. When cross analyzing the information of different contextual instruments, applied to teachers and students, with results of the students' cognitive tests, it was possible to identify the factors that distort the teacher's perception about the class and influence his/her expectation. It was noticed that the teacher's expectation is influenced by his/her perceptions in relation to the school environment and the students' social-demographic characteristics. It was observed that the teacher's expectation provokes a positive impact on the student's proficiency, even when it is considered the effect of social-demographic variables, which are traditionally associated to the performance. All these conclusions were obtained by constructing hierarchical models.